| The 5 Basic Laws of Human Stupidity 
 Delving into
  a fascinating and cutting theory. 
 The
  Basic Laws of Human Stupidity is
  a short essay written by the Italian economist Carlo Cipolla. The first
  edition was written in English and released in 1976. Originally, it was
  intentionally distributed only among his friends on a confidential basis. The
  reason is simple. That book was intended as a sort of joke, where he faced a
  few serious topics in a lighthearted and not-to-be-taken-too-seriously way. 
 The most
  famous excerpt is the one on human stupidity.  
 When addressing such a sensible
  theme, he came up with an extravagant and interesting theory, which earned
  him incredible success. Not only was the essay officially published, but it
  was also translated into many languages and distributed worldwide. 
 
 Let’s dive into the 5 basic laws of
  human stupidity. 
 First Basic Law 
 Always and inevitably everyone underestimates the number of stupid individuals
  in circulation. 
 Stupid
  people exist, but according to Cipolla you may be deeply underestimating
  their number and influence in our society. He was so strongly convinced about
  this that he asserted that “any numerical assumption would turn out to be
  an underestimate”. This statement was obviously an exaggeration, part of
  his playful writing style. On the other hand, such an idea should not be
  taken too lightly. After all, this is not the first law by accident. 
 Please,
  think about all the people that you had judged intelligent, before realizing
  they were actually behaving stupidly and obtusely. If you are still not
  convinced, Cipolla suggested an experiment. Go out in the street and see how
  many people insist on obstructing you for no apparent reason. What would you
  call their behavior if not stupid? 
 Second Basic Law 
 The probability that a certain person is stupid is independent of any
  other characteristic of that person. 
 Cipolla
  considered stupidity as a human characteristic, like having blond hair or black
  eyes. Consequently, it cannot but be distributed roughly equally in all walks
  of society, regardless of people’s level of education. “Whether one
  frequents elegant circles or takes refuge among cannibals, whether they lock
  themselves up in a monastery or decide to spend the rest of their life in the
  company of a beautiful partner, the fact remains that they will always have
  to deal with the same percentage of stupid people”, he concluded. 
 In this
  pessimistic view, human beings are doomed to deal with stupidity. Also,
  according to Cipolla, there are no safer places or solutions to avoid it. The
  only thing you can do is accept this and live with it for the rest of your
  existence. 
 Third Basic Law 
 A stupid person is one who causes losses to another person or a group
  of people while they gain nothing or may even suffer losses. 
 Carlo
  Cipolla considered this the golden and most important law, never to be
  forgotten. He did not consider stupidity a matter of IQ, but rather a lack of
  relational skills. In particular, he believed that it is possible to classify people based on their behavior.
  Stupid people are the ones who harm others and often themselves. On the
  contrary, the behavior of intelligent or overly naive people is aimed at
  helping others. Specifically,
  he believed that stupid human beings behave in an irrational and
  difficult-to-understand way. This does not mean that their actions do not
  have an impact on your life.  
 On the contrary, you are very likely to remember
  people who hindered you, causing you difficulties, frustrations, and
  suffering. What is even more surprising, that such stupid people may not even
  gain anything from their behavior. In fact, Cipolla stated that “there
  are people who, by their illogic actions, not only cause harm to other
  people, but also to themselves. Such people belong to the genus of the super
  stupids.” 
 Fourth Basic Law 
 Non-stupid people always underestimate the damaging power of stupid
  individuals. In particular, non-stupid people constantly forget that in any
  time and place and circumstance dealing and/or hanging out with stupid people
  always turns out to be a costly mistake. 
 To make
  this law clearer, Carlo Cipolla added that “stupid people are deadly
  dangerous because reasonable people find it difficult to imagine and
  understand stupid behavior”. In such a view, stupid people’s attacks
  always catch intelligent ones by surprise. This makes it even more difficult
  to come up with a rational defense. On the other hand, this would be of
  little use since illogic actions cannot be understood using logic. 
 As a
  result, by underestimating their power, you are vulnerable and always be at
  the mercy of stupid people’s unpredictability. He was also convinced that
  intelligent people tend to think that the stupid ones can only harm
  themselves, that they are immune to their actions. This is a huge mistake
  making reasonable people feel invulnerable, dangerously lowering their guard. 
 Fifth Basic Law 
 Stupid people are the most dangerous type of people. 
 This law
  comes as a natural consequence of the previous and fourth basic law. Also, if
  you have no clue about what Cipolla meant here, he made it even more obvious
  by adding the following corollary: 
 A stupid person is more dangerous than a bandit. 
 Of the
  five laws seen so far, this should be the most understandable and reasonable
  one. In fact, common sense tells us that intelligent people, no matter how
  hostile they may be, are predictable. In contrast, stupid people are not.
  This subtle difference makes stupid people incredibly more fearsome than
  intelligent people. In conclusion, this should be regarded as a kind of
  compendium of his entire theory on human stupidity. 
 Conclusion 
 The
  Italian economist Carlo Cipolla taught us that by using only irony and common
  sense, it is possible to conceive captivating ideas. As we have just seen, he
  was able to lightheartedly address human stupidity in a clear and incisive
  way. By summarizing such a complex and controversial subject in five basic
  laws, he devised a genuine and fascinating theory. Initially shared only with
  his friends, that theory became internationally known, and it is now studied
  in many disciplines.  Although it should not be taken too seriously, this
  theory is something to keep in mind when inevitably hampered by human
  stupidity.
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